TIME HORIZONS VERSUS TIME SAVORING: WHICH BEST PREDICTS AGE-RELATED IMPROVEMENTS IN EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING?

Abstract Previous research has shown that time horizons, as measured by the future time perspective (FTP) scale, yields mixed findings about the relationship between perceived time and emotional well-being. Expansive time horizons often predict better well-being than limited time horizons, raising questions about a core postulate of socioemotional selectivity theory (SST). The present study introduces a more nuanced construct about perceived time and introduces a new scale, time savoring, which captures the heightened value of time as time becomes more limited. Based on 1,384 participants (Mage = 54.55, age range = 18-96), time savoring and age are positively correlated (r(1,382) = .23, p < .001). Time savoring partially mediates age and well-being (i.e., greater happiness, lower depressive symptoms, and higher life satisfaction). Parallel mediation with multiple mediators demonstrated the measure’s discriminant validity from FTP and personality measures (e.g., agreeableness and conscientiousness), offering a promising way to measure heightened value of time.


THE DIMENSIONALITY OF FUTURE TIME PERSPECTIVE
There have been suggestions that the measure of future time perspective shows a two-factor structure. However, the two-factor structure coincides with positively-and negatively-framed items potentially indicating a method factor rather than a content factor. By using reversed-scored items in an adult sample (N = 1421, aged 19 to 79, M = 39.1, SD = 11.1), we found evidence that the two-factor structure is mainly due to the framing of the items representing method factors rather than representing separate content factors. Item framing might be more important in aging-related research than expected.

LIMITED FUTURE TIME PERSPECTIVE IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Yochai Shavit 1 , Jessica Barnes 2 , and Laura Carstensen 2 , 1. Stanford Center on Longevity,Stanford University,Stanford,California,United States,2. Stanford University,Stanford,California,United States Socioemotional selectivity theory postulates that limited future time perspective (FTP) motivates older adults to prioritize emotionally meaningful goals, explaining documented age advantages in emotional well-being. During the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, we collected data from 945 community dwelling adults and 156 assisted living facilities residents living in the United States (N= 1101, age-range: 18-98). Participants reported their FTP using the scale developed by Carstensen and Lang (1996), as well as the frequency and intensity of sixteen positive and thirteen negative emotions. Age association with limited FTP was comparable to past studies. Contrary to our hypotheses, limited FTP was associated with lower emotional well-being across ages and suppressed (rather than mediated) a general trend towards higher emotional well-being in older ages. Findings suggest that there may be conditions under which perceptions of limited time horizons have negative implications. Theoretical implications are discussed. When compared to younger adults, older adults favor positive over negative information in attention and memory. This positivity effect is typically interpreted through the lens of socioemotional selectivity theory. According to this view, older adults often have a limited future time perspective (FTP), which leads them to prioritize emotional well-being goals. However, data from our lab suggest that a limited FTP is actually associated with increased negativity, rather than with increased positivity. More specifically, we found that older adults with a limited FTP (self-reported on the Carstensen and Lang FTP scale) rated their autobiographical memories more negatively. We also found that among older adults with high executive function abilities, a limited FTP was associated with reduced positivity in an episodic memory task. In discussing why these counterintuitive relationships occurred, we will also present data showing that a limited FTP is associated with negative attitudes about the future and the present.

TIME HORIZONS VERSUS TIME SAVORING: WHICH BEST PREDICTS AGE-RELATED IMPROVEMENTS IN EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING?
Tyler Matteson 1 , Li Chu 2 , and Laura Carstensen 1 , 1. Stanford University,Stanford,California,United States,2. Stanford University,Menlo Park,California,United States Previous research has shown that time horizons, as measured by the future time perspective (FTP) scale, yields mixed findings about the relationship between perceived time and emotional well-being. Expansive time horizons often predict better well-being than limited time horizons, raising questions about a core postulate of socioemotional selectivity theory (SST). The present study introduces a more nuanced construct about perceived time and introduces a new scale, time savoring, which captures the heightened value of time as time becomes more limited. Based on 1,384 participants (Mage = 54.55, age range = 18-96), time savoring and age are positively correlated (r(1,382) = .23, p < .001). Time savoring partially mediates age and well-being (i.e., greater happiness, lower depressive symptoms, and higher life satisfaction). Parallel mediation with multiple mediators demonstrated the measure's discriminant validity from FTP and personality measures (e.g., agreeableness and conscientiousness), offering a promising way to measure heightened value of time.

Research, LLC, Los Angeles, California, United States, 2. Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States
This study investigates how assisted living/residential care (AL/RC) and memory care (MC) contexts are associated with the prevalence of antipsychotic medication use (APU). Primary data were collected from a statewide representative sample of AL/RC settings through the Oregon Community-Based Care study from 2017-2019 and combined with publicly available administrative data. Framed by Donabedian's model of care quality, we examine associations among 90-day prevalence of APU, organizational, care process, and AL/RC resident population characteristics using random intercepts regression models. Every licensed AL/RC setting in Oregon receives an annual mailed survey to provide aggregate resident demographics, health acuity, health service use, payment type and organizational policies. Organizational measures (e.g., profit status, license type, geographic designation) were collected from state websites. The average 90-day prevalence of APU among all Oregon AL/RC settings is 30.7%, though rates differ by MC endorsement (23.9% in AL/RC and 42.7% in MC). Compared to care processes and resident population characteristics, organizational characteristics were associated with larger magnitudes of difference in rates of APU. Nonprofit settings were associated with lower rates of APU in both AL/RC (β= -4.4 percentage points, [95% CI: -8.4, -0.4]) and MC ]. Compared to low-Medicaid settings, settings with very high proportions of Medicaid residents were associated with higher prevalence of APU, +8.9 in AL/RC (95% CI: 1.7, 16.1) and +11.0 in MC (95% CI: 2.3, 19.8). Policymakers might consider how organizational resource capacity influences APU in AL/RC settings, especially if APU prevalence is treated as a quality indicator.

CAUSAL ANALYSES OF PALLIATIVE CARE OUTCOMES USING OBSERVATIONAL DATA: A REVIEW OF CURRENT LITERATURE
Narae Kim 1 , Jingjing Jiang 2 , Melissa Garrido 3 , Mireille Jacobson 1 , David Mockler 4 , and Peter May 2 , 1. University of Southern California,Los Angeles,California,United States,2. Trinity College Dublin,Dublin,Dublin,Ireland,3. Boston University School of Public Health,Boston,Massachusetts,United States,4. University of Dublin,Dublin,Dublin,Ireland People with serious medical illnesses disproportionately account for health care spending, and the last year of life is typically the most costly. Economic evidence to inform improvement efforts in care for this population is long recognized as thin relative to policy importance. Palliative care studies rely heavily on routinely collected data since conducting randomized controlled trials with subjects nearing the end of life is particularly challenging; however, observational studies face high risk of bias. We conducted a systematic review of the peer-reviewed and grey literature to identify quasi-experimental studies evaluating palliative care's effect on costs and health care utilization. Eligible study designs were those that controlled for unobserved confounding using causal inference methods (e.g. difference-in-differences). Eligible outcomes were costs, health care use, and quality-of-life. Among 806 search results, we included 17 studies: seven used difference-in-differences methods, five used interrupted time series analysis, and five used instrumental variables. Reporting quality was variable. Studies reported a general pattern of improved outcomes associated with palliative care. However, the incidence of studies finding a significant difference was lower than cohort studies that don't attempt to control for unobserved confounding. Studies that don't control for unobserved confounding may be overestimating true effects due to bias. Given the large volume of routine data collection in end-of-life care, there exists clear potential to increase the application of the causal inference methods to palliative care research. Such studies would strengthen the evidence base on an understudied topic and potentially inform other types of economic analysis in palliative care.